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钢铁“焕新”记丨① 稀土耐蚀钢：不锈的秘密_我的网站

A |     冀时新闻报道 是钢铁大省。    Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。

B | 立足产业基础，省不断推动钢铁产业高端化、智能化、绿色化转型，培育形成了10个拳头产品，加快从原料级向材料级转变。今天起，本台推出系列报道《钢铁"焕新"记》，探寻钢铁拳头产品"含新量""含金量"持续攀升的创新路径。首篇一起认识稀土耐蚀钢，看稀土赋能，如何让钢铁自带"防锈铠甲"。

C | 本台记者 杨晨曦：大家有没有想过一个问题：生锈，对于户外钢材来说一定是一件坏事吗？普通钢材风吹日晒，一旦生锈腐蚀，不仅寿命会缩短，后期的维护成本也会大大增加。但大家看我身后这座刚刚建成的通信铁塔，既没有镀锌，也没有刷漆！它的表面虽然看着有一层锈，但这层锈反而是一层"保护膜"，可以实现"以锈防锈"。使用寿命可以达到50年，且终身免维护。它采用的，正是我们的创新材料——稀土耐蚀钢。钢铁腐蚀，一直是基建领域绕不开的"老大难"。

D | 针对这一技术难题和市场空白，秦皇岛佰工钢铁与上海大学董瀚教授团队联合攻关，在国内首创多元合金协同技术与稀土微合金化工艺，研发并量产了稀土耐蚀钢这一特种钢材，走出了一条与众不同的防腐新路径。通过在钢材中添加微量镧、铈稀土元素，在钢材表面催生一层致密的钝化锈层，进而隔绝水和氧气的侵蚀，实现了钢材长效防护。秦皇岛佰工钢铁有限公司技术中心主任 张维军：我们的这款产品性能十分突出，它的耐腐蚀性是传统钢材的2-3倍，在室外使用寿命达到2倍以上。另外它的防腐成本由500-1500块钱降到了200-500元左右，能起到提质、降本、减碳的作用，可以说是一举三得。

E | 稀土，在大众认知里，是稀缺的战略资源，身价不菲。加入稀土，怎么能做出"更省钱的钢材"？这背后，藏着一个"变废为宝"的巧思。

F | 上海大学（浙江）高端装备基础件材料研究院院长 董瀚：稀土一共17个元素，它不是每个元素都很珍贵，现在比较贵的元素是用作功能材料这些元素，把这些元素提取完了剩下的就是这种镧、铈、钇这种稀土（元素），大量富余，实际上堆积如山，（也是）资源合理利用。富余的镧、铈稀土，供应充足，但要实现它与钢水的完美融合，还要跨过一道技术难关。上海大学（浙江）高端装备基础件材料研究院院长 董瀚：稀土特别有意思，它是很大的原子，而且稀土它很活泼，你加热方法不对或者是控制不太好，收得率可能很低很低，你收得率低意味着什么？都变成夹杂物了。那么，如何才能破解"收得率"难题，让稀土元素稳定存在于钢水中呢？秦皇岛佰工钢铁有限公司技术中心主任 张维军：要使它在钢中稳定存在，就需要在钢水里边给它（稀土元素）创造一个稳定存在的环境，比如说控制钢中的氧含量、硫含量（等）各种能和它反应的化学元素都要控制含量，这样的话它加入钢水里边没有污染源，没有和它反应的一些东西。面对"稀土收得率"这一核心痛点，秦皇岛佰工团队与上海大学董瀚教授团队，经过反复试验与工艺优化，彻底打通了从实验室配方到工业化量产的一系列难题。秦皇岛佰工钢铁有限公司总经理 迪林：上海大学发挥他们在研发、在测试方面的优势，我们发挥在生产和应用方面的优势，通过双方的技术合作，突破了稀土合金收得率的这个行业难题，从原来的30%-40%，现在可以提高到85%以上。

G | 这一技术路线的打通，不仅显著提升了稀土的利用率与稳定性，也为稀土耐蚀钢规模化量产铺平了道路。秦皇岛佰工钢铁有限公司总经理 迪林：目前，佰工的稀土耐蚀钢的年产能可以达到140万吨以上，包括应用到光伏、交通运输、电力、通讯铁塔等各个领域。产能上来了，市场空间究竟有多大？据测算，全国每年有7000万吨镀锌防腐钢材，其中80%可被稀土耐蚀钢替代。目前，省已形成秦皇岛、邯郸两个生产基地，累计产销量已达25万吨。不仅为海量普钢的升级打开了全新赛道，更形成了完整的产业闭环。省工信厅钢铁工业处处长 张晓辉：稀土耐蚀钢是传统材料迭代升级的典型代表。下一步，我们计划推动更多标准转化成行业的设计依据，在交通、能源、通讯等领域打造应用的示范标杆，全力攻关技术、拓展市场。中国钢铁工业协会党委书记、副会长兼秘书长 姜维：从全国视角来看，正在成为稀土耐蚀钢这个产品技术研发、标准构建、场景落地、规模化推广应用的首发地、样板地，正是因为模式，2026年1月，中钢协组织在行业成立了以三名院士为组长的稀土耐蚀钢推广应用工作组，而且在全国范围内广泛推广经验。

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